Aesthetic versus cosmetic in dentistry: a philosophical and clinical exploration

The fields of aesthetic and cosmetic dentistry are often conflated, yet they hold distinct philosophical and clinical connotations that merit careful distinction. Understanding these terms' etymological roots, and their evolution over time, provides a deeper insight into their specific roles within dental practice. Moreover, recognising the philosophical shifts, particularly those influenced by thinkers like Immanuel Kant, can elucidate how these concepts are perceived today.

The term ‘aesthetic’ originates from the Greek word ‘aisthesis,’ which broadly refers to sensory perception. In its original context, aesthetics encompassed the full range of human sensory experiences, extending far beyond mere visual appeal to include auditory, olfactory, tactile, and gustatory sensations. This holistic perception of aesthetics aligns with early philosophical understandings that regarded sensory experiences as integral to human interaction with the world.¹

The philosophical discourse around aesthetics underwent significant transformation during the Enlightenment, particularly through the works of Immanuel Kant. In his Critique of Judgment (1790), Kant redefined aesthetics to focus predominantly on the perception of beauty and the sublime, thus narrowing the term's scope primarily to visual, and sometimes auditory, experiences. This shift marked a significant departure from the multisensory origins of aesthetics, steering the concept towards the contemplation of beauty, taste and art.²